Environmental and Human Health Hazards from Chlorpyrifos, Pymetrozine and Avermectin Application in China under a Climate Change Scenario: A Comprehensive Review

Chlorpyrifos has been used extensively for decades to control crop pests and disease-transmitting insects; its contribution increasing food security minimizing the spread of diseases well documented. Pymetrozine Avermectin (also known as abamectin) have replace toxic organophosphate insecticides (e.g., Chlorpyrifos) applied rice crops in China, where overuse pesticides occurred. In addition, climate change exacerbated pesticide use pollution. Thus, farmers communities are at risk exposure This study reviews contamination, exposure, health risks through environmental biological monitoring legacy currently China; it investigates whether changes usage from reduce contamination hazards residents. this review discusses applications could be recommended other countries largely exposed high under scenarios. Although is now banned residents still experiencing adverse effects. Local consider an effective continue illegally some areas. As a result, concentration levels exceed risk-based thresholds, occurrence with toxicity multiple routes causes serious effects owing long-term wide application. The bioaccumulation environment unlikely. paddy water soil growth do not pose significant hazard public health. A can Finally, we recommend countries, such Vietnam, Africa, Ghana, Chlorpyrifos.